Frameworks and Models Detection of the Human Behavior

Question: Describe about the Frameworks and Models Related to the Detection of the Human Behavior. Answer: Introduction The analysis of the human behavior and activities has been regarded as one of the most intriguing and important issue related to the automated video surveillance system (Mubashir, Shao and Seed 2013). The human activities and behavior can be detected by utilizing the techniques related to the pattern recognition and computer vision. The paper deals in planning a research project for the topic related to the Human Behavior Analysis and understanding of unusual behavior by utilizing the computer vision. The paper would be helping in identifying the frameworks and models related to the recognition approaches that could help in analyzing the behavior of humans. The paper would also be helping the readers in learning and recognizing the human behavior based on the video information. Project justification The project deals in preparing a research project based on the research topic related to the Human Behavior Analysis and understating of unusual behavior by utilizing the computer vision. The research requires the investigation of various fields relating to the implementation of the high-level abstraction behavior models to the motion detection system. Moreover, the major applications of the computer vision include the video surveillance and Ambient Assisted Learning (AAL) (Chaaraoui, Climent-Prez and Flrez-Revuelta 2012). The techniques require the estimation of the movement of humans at the motion level. The techniques also require the implementation of the appropriate data sets and tools for analyzing the behavior of humans. In addition, the presentation of the motion requires the activity recognition approaches such that to analyses the behavior of hams. Thus, it becomes very important to identify the frameworks and models that could be helping in learning and recognizing the hum an behavior based on the video information. Project aims and objectives The main objective of the paper is to plan a research project related to the topic based on the Human Behavior Analysis and understating of unusual behavior through the use of video surveillance. The computer vision would be helping in recognizing the visual patterns of the motion of humans. The research project aims at identifying the framework and models that could be helping in evaluating the behavior of humans from the multimodal observation in the form of video. The project also helps in proposing and evaluating an approach for recognition and learning human behavior models from the multimodal observation based on the audio and video information. Research Questions What framework proposes the evaluation of the human behavior from the multimodal observation in the form of video? How do the 3D video tracking models help in understanding the motion of the humans? How do the patterns exhibit variation in the motion visually? Millstones and tasks Sl No Task 1 Project plan for research project on frameworks and models for detection on human behavior 1.1 Selection of research topic 1.1.1 Finding the research topic relevant to the research plan 1.1.2 Reviewing on the topic being selected 1.2 Literature review 1.2.1 Reviewing the different views on the literature 1.2.2 Summarizing on the reviews 1.3 Implementation of the research 1.3.1 Identification of the appropriate methodology applicable to the topic 1.3.2 Formulation of research questionnaire related to the topic 1.4 Data collection 1.4.1 Identification of the primary and secondary sources 1.4.2 Implementing appropriate data collection method 1.4.3 Acquiring the data through the use of various data collection tools 1.5 Data analysis 1.5.1 Identification of the appropriate tools and techniques of the data analysis 1.5.2 Summarizing on the findings of the data being acquired 2 Final report submission Milestones Literature review due Data collection and analysis report due Final business report due Table 1: Milestones and tasks related to the project plan Source: Created by author Experimental approach The research approach can be classified into two main segments including the qualitative research approach and the qualitative research approach (Smith 2015). The qualitative research approach deals in describing, explaining, exploring and interpreting the various theories and models related to the case study for the other researchers to follow. The approach requires the formulation of new theories ad models related to the research topic. On the other hand, the quantitative research approach deals in validating, confirming and testing the theories related to the research topic already proposed by the various researchers. This approach is also known as deductive reason approach and would be suitable for this particular research study. Data collection The data collection process involves the collection of valuable information that should be relevant and useful for the research study. The process requires the identification of the sources of information which could be either primary sources of data or, secondary sources of data (O'Leary 2013). Though, the implementation of the primary sources of data would be more predictive for the research in terms of acquiring quality data, the seminary sources are less time consuming. The primary sources include the employees working in the computer technology based organization. The secondary data include the sources from the various articles, magazines, newspapers, websites, books, journals and others that contain useful information related to the research topic. The research project should be utilizing both the primary and secondary sources of data in order to acquire quality information related to the research study. Measurement The data collection process should be followed by the data analysis process which deals in implementing the data analysis tools and techniques in order to analyze the data being collected in the process. The data analysis tool includes the tables, graphs, figures, charts and analytical software including Word and SPSS as well. These tools are helpful in analyzing the data being acquired in the process such that to reach to a final conclusion. Timeline Sl No Task Duration Start Date Finish Date Predecessor 1 Project plan for research project on frameworks and models for detection on human behavior 60 days Thu 8/25/16 Wed 11/16/16 1.1 Selection of research topic 10 days Thu 8/25/16 Wed 9/7/16 1.1.1 Finding the research topic relevant to the research plan 1 wk Thu 8/25/16 Wed 8/31/16 1.1.2 Reviewing on the topic being selected 5 days Thu 9/1/16 Wed 9/7/16 3 1.2 Literature review 15 days Thu 9/8/16 Wed 9/28/16 4 1.2.1 Reviewing the different views on the literature 2 wks Thu 9/8/16 Wed 9/21/16 4 1.2.2 Summarizing on the reviews 1 wk Thu 9/22/16 Wed 9/28/16 6 1.3 Implementation of the research 10 days Thu 9/29/16 Wed 10/12/16 7 1.3.1 Identification of the appropriate methodology applicable to the topic 1 wk Thu 9/29/16 Wed 10/5/16 7 1.3.2 Formulation of research questionnaire related to the topic 1 wk Thu 10/6/16 Wed 10/12/16 9 1.4 Data collection 15 days Thu 10/13/16 Wed 11/2/16 10 1.4.1 Identification of the primary and secondary sources 1 wk Thu 10/13/16 Wed 10/19/16 10 1.4.2 Implementing appropriate data collection method 1 wk Thu 10/20/16 Wed 10/26/16 12 1.4.3 Acquiring the data through the use of various data collection tools 5 days Thu 10/27/16 Wed 11/2/16 13 1.5 Data analysis 10 days Thu 11/3/16 Wed 11/16/16 14 1.5.1 Identification of the appropriate tools and techniques of the data analysis 1 wk Thu 11/3/16 Wed 11/9/16 14 1.5.2 Summarizing on the findings of the data being acquired 5 days Thu 11/10/16 Wed 11/16/16 16 2 Final report submission 5 days Thu 11/17/16 Wed 11/23/16 17 Table 2: Timeline for the project plan Source: Created by author Budget Budget Items Category USD Resources Expenses for conducting interviews $ 20,000.00 Project administration $ 5,000.00 Data collection $ 6,000.00 Data analysis for the project duration of 60 days $ 10,000.00 Enhancement of accessibility of reliable data sources $ 4,000.00 Total Tangible Benefits $ 45,000.00 Total Expenses on Resources Category USD Direct Expenses Conduction of interviews $ 8,000.00 Translation of language Total On-Time Costs $ 8,000.00 Total Expenses on Resources Category USD Travel Expenses Domestic travel $ 2,000.00 Lodging $ 800.00 Food and meals $ 500.00 Total Tangible Recurring Costs $ 3,300.00 Total Tangible Costs $ 56,300.00 Table 3: Budget for the research project Source: Created by author Summary The paper deals in planning a research project for the topic related to the Human Behavior Analyses and understanding of unusual behavior by utilizing the computer vision. The project includes the illustration of various aspects of the project management plan inducing the description of the milestones and task to be implemented in order to conduct the project in a successful manner. The project also includes the estimation of the project timeline such that to conduct the research within the scheduled deadline. The paper also includes the description of the appropriate research approach such that to lead the research project in the right way. The project also helps in formulating the research questionnaire which would be helping the researcher to conduct the research study in a successful manner. The research project aims at identifying the framework and models that could be helping in evaluating the behavior of humans from the multimodal observation in the form of video. The project also helps in proposing and evaluating an approach for recognition and learning human behavior models from the multimodal observation based on the audio and video information. Refereneces Chaaraoui, A.A., Climent-Prez, P. and Flrez-Revuelta, F., 2012. A review on vision techniques applied to human behaviour analysis for ambient-assisted living.Expert Systems with Applications,39(12), pp.10873-10888. Mubashir, M., Shao, L. and Seed, L., 2013. A survey on fall detection: Principles and approaches.Neurocomputing,100, pp.144-152. O'Leary, Z., 2013. The essential guide to doing your research project. Sage. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015. Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage.

Human Resource Planning and Employee Relations

Question: Discuss about human resources planning and employee relations? Answer: 1. Importance: Accurate record keeping is an essential requisite for the success of any business organization. Record keeping is a potent tool of management. Thus, giving due importance to record keeping is essential. Many entrepreneurs invest lots of capital in their business but fail to realize the importance of records keeping. Profit maximization is the main aim of a business organization (www.smallbusiness.qld.gov.au, 2015). They aspire for maximum returns to receive from their investments, and to preserve records is very much part of the equation. Consequences due to lack of record keeping: Without records, business operations cannot be assessed. Without records the performance of employees cannot be determined. Records are pre-requisite for preparing financial statements like assets liabilities, profit loss, income statement, expenses, projection of cash flow which in turn induces good relation with banks. Lack of data can induce overpayment of taxes as well as underpayment of taxes. Rationale for record keeping: Maintaining employee records is necessary for the following: Maintaining records helps in enabling to control cash inflow and cash outflow in a business. Maintaining records helps in knowing how much is spent and owed for goods and services. Maintaining records helps in knowing which products are helping in earning profits and which induces loss. Maintaining records helps in knowing how much cash is in hand. Maintaining records helps in knowing how much cash is tied up as stocks. Maintaining records helps in knowing the actual expenses. Maintaining records helps in knowing the overheads. Maintaining records can help entrepreneurs or business house to access the financial status of their business at any point of time. Maintaining records can help in comparing financial status with the previous years. Maintaining records assists the entrepreneur or business organizations in preparing their financial statements in a quick manner with accuracy. Maintaining records can measure the performance of business in accordance to what was being projected in the plan of business. Maintaining records can help in providing information about management in basing decisions about the business. Maintaining records helps in saving effort and time. Maintaining records helps in accessing how much tax is required to be paid by a business organization or an entrepreneur. Maintaining records provides information and details which is valuable for sales in future of the business organization or the entrepreneur. Maintaining records can help in quickly accessing the problem areas and offers remedies for the problems. Maintaining records help banks to gather information about a business organization or an entrepreneur. Maintaining records helps in keeping track of costs incurred for the employees of a business organization or employees of the entrepreneur. Maintaining records helps in accessing the performances of the employees. Maintaining records helps to detect thefts in the organization. Maintaining records helps to know the gross and net profit of a business. Maintaining records helps in increasing the chances of operations in business. 2. Formal documents are those which are mostly used for business purpose or office purpose. Formal words and formal language is used in this kind of document. Example is business e-mail. E-mail is used for day to day job activities of an employer. It is a proof from where data can be extracted about an employees attendance, transaction, leaves applications etc. Informal documentation uses light words and informal languages that are not recorded. Example e-card (congratulatory) sent to colleagues on their promotion. Employers can be protected by documentation in the sense that an employer can decide pay hikes, promotions, and terminations, disciplinary actions based on these documents as because the foundation stone of documentation is legal and government mandated elements. 3. Termination is a process of dismissing or releasing a worker of an organization with his will or without his will. Legal risks are inherent in dismissing or releasing an employee. For this, employers sack employees on behavioral ground after undergoing a counseling and disciplinary process which is progressive. Employees can seek time for correcting their behaviour through process of counseling and prevent themselves from termination. 4. Challenges faced by health care leaders are: Providing equal opportunity to all: Providing equal opportunities to all the healthcare workers is an ethical problem faced by healthcare leaders (Maqsood Khan, 2015). Treatment should be equal for all. Being well known does not imply special treatment will be given to that person. All patients should be treated equally. Employee behavior: Behavior of employees affects both the internal environment and external environment of a business. Behavior leads to retention of patients or attrition of patients. Need for ethics: Ethics is needed for proper functioning of an organization. Ethics are inborn and cannot be taught to the employees 5. An effective succession plan is required for the development of an organization. Identifying needs and objectives. Gathering information. Preparing Analysis. Developing an action plan. Implementing the plans. Monitoring the progress. 6. Unionization is required for perfect running an organization. Union is a bridge between the management and the employees. Unionization has both advantages and disadvantages from the management as well as the employees point of view. Both management and the employees, working under the same organization is benefited by the presence of the union. Union can do judgment about situations. Union can also help in arbitration when it is deemed compulsory due to unrest in the organization. The advantages are: Employees get job security due to unionization They can ventilate their complaints or grievances about the management through the union. Union fights for healthy working conditions of the healthcare workers. They ensure a safe, congenial and bonhomie working conditions. Employees can benefits like bonuses, health benefits, paid vacations with the help of union. Management can come to conclusion with the help of unions when any dispute arises with the healthcare workers. Unionization help in collective bargaining i.e. equal rights. The disadvantages are: Lockouts, picketing, strikes by employees with the aid of union can affect the days financial status of the company. Management may lose money due to non-production of work. Strikes may be boomerang on part of the organization as it may lose its existing customers or future prospective customers. If the conditions of a business change, the contracts with unions are hindrances for these changes. Unions can at times create dispute between the management of the organization and the employees of the organization. Unions encourage employees to demand for high wages which may not be feasible on part of the management. Human resource control may decrease due to unionization. People in the union are not judged based on their merit or productivity. Seniority and experience may not gain promotion due to union arbitration. 7. Organization changes according to time with technological leap frogging. Human resource management lays emphasis mainly on the human resources. As human capital brings the strategic changes, thus, HR can help as a strategic partner. If any strategic decisions are taken; each units of the business organization shall take a few years to implement it (Saez, 2015). HR helps in deciding the key skills and people required for the change. HR acquires staff according to their skills. Thus, HR knows better what strategy plans is fit for which employees. The role of Hr in strategy implementation is very high. It may be noted that, the strategic implementation planning activities are related to learning and growth of the employees of the organization. References Maqsood Khan, D. (2015).HR as a Strategic Partner: A Critical Review.Macrothink.org. Retrieved 8 June 2015, from https://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/ijhrs/article/viewFile/5129/4125 Saez, A. (2015).Advantages Disadvantage of Labor Unions.Business Entrepreneurship - azcentral.com. Retrieved 8 June 2015, from https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/advantages-disadvantage-labor-unions-3553.html www.smallbusiness.qld.gov.au,. (2015).The importance of record keeping. Retrieved 8 June 2015, from https://www.ajml.com.au/downloads/resource-centre/references/operational-management/The%20importance%20of%20record%20keeping.pdf

Air Pollution and Plant Deciduous Trees free essay sample

Vanrex, Inc is a manufacturer of paints for home, businesses and institutions. The company also supplies coasting for manufactured product and automotive parts. Vanrex is a diversified company that also manufactures pain cans, aerosol can, brushes, roller and other paint applicator. Vanrex is situated on the outskirt of an urban area that has grown out and around the plant. Residential neighbor are located closely on all sides and public concern is environmental matters is at a higher level nationally than ever. Previously, the site has been inspected by ODH E and USEPA which they found the plant in compliance with the regulatory requirement There are complaints concerning the air pollution caused the plant. Obviously, there are two different sources affecting the air in Hayestown: the fugitive dust and stack emissions. In other to enhance the environmental program Vanrex took some steps in reducing the pollution such as establishing control over all new projects that are part of pollution control effort, continually reviewing the operation of the plant and strengthened the environmental group of Vanrex. We will write a custom essay sample on Air Pollution and Plant Deciduous Trees or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From my own point of view, I think the residents are gunning for zero emission which is not possible in this situation. In order to reduce pollution in the area, I have recommendations for both the residents and the plant Possible solution for the residents Plant deciduous trees in locations around their home to provide shade in the summer, but to allow light in the winter. Check daily air quality forecasts Clean frequently to remove dust and molds Possible solution for the plant They should reduce the use in their methane They should be gunning for technologies or equipment upgrades that reduce or eliminate equipment venting or fugitive pollution, There should also be an improvements in management practices and operational procedures

Free Essays on Historical Perspective

The Power and the Glory A Historical Perspective Graham Greene's novel of persecution of the clergy in the early 20th century is a study of sin, deceit, suffering, religion and politics. The story begins near the end of our hero's efforts to escape death by wandering throughout Mexico. The hero is the Whiskey Priest, so named because he was an alcoholic. To understand The Power and the Glory, one must have a bit of background knowledge about the violent history of Mexico. History of Mexico The history of Mexico is one fraught with civil war, dictatorships, revolutions and political intrigue. Religious persecution was a part of this history from the moment Mexico gained independence from Spain, which was in 1821. Mexico became a republic, but the country had no experience in self-government and the economy was seriously depleted. The economic decline was a direct result of this very independence. There was pervasive distrust of Spaniards, which lead them to leave Mexico. This virtually eliminated capital reserves and the working class. In 1824 a republican constitution was adopted, based loosely on the constitution of the United States. The Mexican constitution created a federal republic of 19 states, four territories and a federal district, and remained in place until 1857 (Murray). Of note is the fact that "Article I of the constitution established Catholicism as the only religion to be tolerated" states Murray. From 1824 until 1857 a number of factions and leaders were in power, all in contention for control. The Centralists wanted a strong central government in the vice regal tradition, a paid national army, and Roman Catholicism as the exclusive religion. The opposing faction, the Federalists, wanted limited central government, local militia, and nearly autonomous states. They were in favor of giving special status to ecclesiastics and the military and exempted them from various civil obligations. Then, ... Free Essays on Historical Perspective Free Essays on Historical Perspective The Power and the Glory A Historical Perspective Graham Greene's novel of persecution of the clergy in the early 20th century is a study of sin, deceit, suffering, religion and politics. The story begins near the end of our hero's efforts to escape death by wandering throughout Mexico. The hero is the Whiskey Priest, so named because he was an alcoholic. To understand The Power and the Glory, one must have a bit of background knowledge about the violent history of Mexico. History of Mexico The history of Mexico is one fraught with civil war, dictatorships, revolutions and political intrigue. Religious persecution was a part of this history from the moment Mexico gained independence from Spain, which was in 1821. Mexico became a republic, but the country had no experience in self-government and the economy was seriously depleted. The economic decline was a direct result of this very independence. There was pervasive distrust of Spaniards, which lead them to leave Mexico. This virtually eliminated capital reserves and the working class. In 1824 a republican constitution was adopted, based loosely on the constitution of the United States. The Mexican constitution created a federal republic of 19 states, four territories and a federal district, and remained in place until 1857 (Murray). Of note is the fact that "Article I of the constitution established Catholicism as the only religion to be tolerated" states Murray. From 1824 until 1857 a number of factions and leaders were in power, all in contention for control. The Centralists wanted a strong central government in the vice regal tradition, a paid national army, and Roman Catholicism as the exclusive religion. The opposing faction, the Federalists, wanted limited central government, local militia, and nearly autonomous states. They were in favor of giving special status to ecclesiastics and the military and exempted them from various civil obligations. Then, ...

A historical and critical analysis of an entrepreneurial venture (Gap Essay

A historical and critical analysis of an entrepreneurial venture (Gap Inc.) - Essay Example He believed that he could do the business his own way creating a unique entry into a market flooded with casual wear stores. 1.2 The Entrepreneur Gap Inc. is an organization whose brainchild id Don Fisher and his Doris. The business started as a small family business in San Francisco where he lived with his family. Don came from a middle class family, which had settled in a two-storey house in San Francisco. Don had great vision from early stages in life. He could recall great constructions in United States such as Golden Gate Bridge, which sparked his life to create a difference in a lifetime. His personal life includes spending time in the beach as a way of enjoying his weekend. Don attended UC Berkeley University where he studied business administration degree (Don, 2009:12). Don recalls that his business ideas came from his early days in the University where his, which he attest did not cut across his mind. Don worked as US Naval reserve and participated in making decisions for h is father in business meetings. He married Doris who altered his life to become a renowned entrepreneur a cross the globe. 1.3 Opportunity for the venture Don had the idea that business could not just pay his bills but would also excite him. He took some time to achieve this ambition. Don asserts that without bad lack Gap Inc. would not be in history. Don who had been in business with his father, branched out to initiate his own business in mid 1960s. Don used the first opportunity that came his way when he bought Capitol Park hotel. He refurbished the building and leased some of its space to Levi’s sales representative. Levi’s sales person took the opportunity to open a showroom within the building. Don mentioned that he enjoyed the arena created by the showroom in the building. Opportunity for the business venture came when Don could not find the right pant size. He had bought pants that could not match their needs. Don recalled that Doris and him walked through the streets of San Francisco and failed to get the right sizes. Then the idea came what if someone stocked all sizes. 1.4. The motivation to found the venture Don motivation was Levi’s showroom in his capital park hotel building that he had bought. Don and Doris figured the situation around the city and felt that it was a good idea to create their own retail store that would cater for age 12 to 25. The urge to change the underlying situation motivated their idea of business. Don had stated that he had little idea about retail business but that could not let his views collapse in one drop. Don noted that he did not have a similar competitor in San Francisco bay that had similar products. Business personalities are keen to evaluate factors that would make their business thrive. 1.5. Exploitation of the venture and acquisition of resource Don thought of the name of his new venture and settled to name Pants and Discs. His wife Doris changed the name by giving the business opportunity the name Gap. Don conducted a market research before a writing a business plan about the intended store. He noted in his market research that the location of the Capital Park building would address the needs of customers age 12 to 25. The location had adequate parking. He outlined that his success would depend on right employees and adequate stock. He could not afford to ignore the influence of stock or capital for the business. Gap creation was to exploit the existing resources that Don acquired. Resource acquisition and

Preventing biodiversity reduction in the coastal zone Essay

Preventing biodiversity reduction in the coastal zone - Essay Example Biodiversity have three levels - genetic diversity (i.e. diversity of genes within a species and between species), species diversity (refers to the differences in populations within a species, between populations, and between the various species), and ecosystem diversity (refers to the various habitats, biological communities and ecological systems; also denotes differences within ecosystems) (Ecological Society 1997). An ecosystem remains stable and balanced due to the variety and richness of organisms and species. The relationship of the varied species within an ecosystem has been well documented that destruction or extinction of one species may affect other living things, which may even lead to the extinction of the other species in the ecosystem. Thus, preserving and protecting one species in a particular area is similarly protecting the rest of the species. This is equally true to land-based species and sea and coastal creatures. Biodiversity denotes ecosystem balance and surviv al of the species within the system. Degradation in Biodiversity Generally, the ecosystem remains balanced in its usual natural course. The imbalance occurs when outside elements interfere with the usual processes. Man has interfered with the natural ecosystem for a long time. One form of invasion is by establishing habitation in the coastal areas (Water ecology 2009). It is reported that an estimated two-thirds of the total population lives near or along the coasts (Water ecology 2009). In fact, wetlands and some coastal areas are being dried by people in order to reclaim land for urban expansion (Water ecology 2009). The wetlands are also converted for farming, mining, gas and oil extraction, and highways for land transportation (Water ecology 2009). Sewage run-off and toxic contaminants (e.g. pesticides, heavy metals) are passed to coastal zones that become concentrated over a period of time (Water ecology 2009). These chemicals threaten aquatic life and biodiversity. Over-fishin g of a certain species without proper regulation likewise degrades biodiversity (Water ecology 2009). The coral reefs, that comprise a great number of plants and animals, are important in the coastal ecosystem balance. Ten percent of the coral reefs worldwide are being destroyed by human beings and only half of the countries around the world are capable of protecting them due to the expense that it entails (Water ecology 2009). According to Island Resources Foundation (1996), tourism has a greater indirect contribution to the degradation of coastal waters in terms of oil, fertilizer and pesticide pollution. The foundation’s report cited the US Virgin Islands waters that received oil spills from motorized vessels such as yacht, ferry and cruise ship (Island Resources Foundation 1996). In the Sarasota Bay and the Corpus Christy National Estuary Program assessments, the care practices for golf courses and condominium resorts release nitrate and phosphate to the waters during run off of storm water (Sarasota, 1993, cited in Island Resources Foundation 1996). It was also reported that the top 20 percent of countries that depend on tourism (e.g. Cayman Islands, Northern Netherlands Antilles, Anguilla, etc.) suffered environmental degradation that include reef, mangrove and related ecosystem damages (e.g. damage caused by anchors, clearing of mangrove, use of dynamite, littering, etc.) (Hoagland, et al. 1995, cited in Island Resources Foundation 1996). An alteration in the coastal zone such as construction of piers and wharves which

Law of Armed conflict. Is it viable in today's world Essay

Law of Armed conflict. Is it viable in today's world - Essay Example The Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) was formulated with the intention of making armed conflict a more civilized exercise. That is, participating countries themselves decided to incorporate certain laws to prevent unnecessary destruction and suffering of human life, through the use or removal of excess military power. By following the Geneva Convention regarding human rights during war time, countries rationalized and codified various rules, guidelines and stipulations to be followed during armed conflict, resulting in the formation of LOAC. Although, it is clear that LOAC has included many key and constructive stipulations while conducting an armed conflict, my research paper will discuss how in current times, its viability cannot be guaranteed due to few extraneous situations or events that continue to occur in conflict without any specific geographical focus. o One reason why LOAC may be considered unviable in modern warfare is due the rise of terrorists or armed groups, who mostly i ndulge in a ‘non-direct’ form of warfare, without directly taking on a country’s military in a ‘battlefield’. Attrition warfare as practiced through the twentieth century is no longer the method in warfare. Due to these extraneous situation, conflics could take place between a country’s military and a terrorist group in ‘Third party countriey’, which mays not be governed ‘aptly’ or adhere toe international laws and conventions relating to human rightr. This ‘unclear’ geographical focus as well as unclear ‘target group’ became visible mainly in the aftermath of the September 11 World Trade Center attack, and particularly visible in the mission to eliminate Osama Bin Laden. Conflict in a particular geographical area and against a particular country’s military are becoming irrelevant nowadays. Along withLOAC also seems to have become irrelevant. â€Å"...the boundaries between "war" and "nonwar," and between "national security" and "domestic issues," have been eroding for some time. September 11 and its aftermath have highlighted the increasing incoherence and irrelevance of these traditional legal categories.† 1 When Al-Qaeda launched the terrorist attacks on the American soil, U.S. launched military attacks on Afghanistan. Although, the country of Afghanistan is not the real culprit, the Taliban government in Afghanistan harboured al-Qaeda in its territory. Thus, it was not viewed as an ‘innocent’ neutral territory by United States and its Western allies. â€Å"In sharp contrast to most wars, the geographic distinction between belligerent and neutral territory is highly unstable in the conflict with al Qaeda.† 2 In addition, the Taliban government was also not recognized by majority of the world countries. So, in this case, non-state actors and non-military forces with the aid of unauthorized government indulged in ‘armed’ a ggression against United States. This being the case, the American government and its military went into the free country of Afghanistan to punish the non-state actors of Al-Qaeda. Thus, in such case, the LOAC could not be applied, because the American forces did not fight the regular military or even the official government of this country country. â€Å"..al Qaeda is neither a state nor a domestic insurgent group, the law of armed conflict does not apply at all to the U.S. struggle against terrorism,†