The History of Death and Burial Customs

Death has always been both celebrated and feared. As far back as 60,000 BCE, humans buried their dead with ritual and ceremony. Researchers have even found evidence that Neanderthals buried their dead with flowers, much as we do today. Appeasing the Spirits Many early burial rites and customs were practiced to protect the living, by appeasing the spirits who were thought to have caused the persons death. Such ghost protection rituals and superstitions have varied extensively with time and place, as well as with religious perception, but many are still in use today. The custom of shutting the eyes of the deceased is believed to have begun this way, done in an attempt to close a window from the living world to the spirit world. Covering the face of the deceased with a sheet comes from pagan beliefs that the spirit of the deceased escaped through the mouth. In some cultures, the home of the deceased was burned or destroyed to keep his spirit from returning; in other,s the doors were unlocked and windows were opened to ensure that the soul was able to escape. In 19th century Europe and America, the dead were carried out of the house feet first, in order to prevent the spirit from looking back into the house and beckoning another member of the family to follow him, or so that he couldnt see where he was going and would be unable to return. Mirrors were also covered, usually with black crepe, so the soul would not get trapped and be left unable to pass to the other side. Family photographs were also sometimes turned face-down to prevent any of the close relatives and friends of the deceased from being possessed by the spirit of the dead. Some cultures took their fear of ghosts to an extreme. The Saxons of early England cut off the feet of their dead so the corpse would be unable to walk. Some aborigine tribes took the even more unusual step of cutting off the head of the dead, thinking this would leave the spirit too busy searching for his head to worry about the living. Cemetery Burial Cemeteries, the final stop on our journey from this world to the next, are monuments (pun intended!) to some of the most unusual rituals to ward off spirits, and home to some of our darkest, most terrifying legends and lore. The use of tombstones may go back to the belief that ghosts could be weighed down. Mazes found at the entrance to many ancient tombs are thought to have been constructed to keep the deceased from returning to the world as a spirit, since it was believed that ghosts could only travel in a straight line. Some people even considered it necessary for the funeral procession to return from the graveside by a different path from the one taken in with the deceased, so that the departeds ghost wouldnt be able to follow them home. Some of the rituals which we now practice as a sign of respect to the deceased, may also be rooted in a fear of spirits. Beating on the grave, the firing of guns, funeral bells, and wailing chants were all used by some cultures to scare away other ghosts at the cemetery. In many cemeteries, the vast majority of graves are oriented in such a manner that the bodies lie with their heads to the West and their feet to the East. This very old custom appears to originate with the Pagan sun worshippers, but is primarily attributed to Christians who believe that the final summons to Judgment will come from the East. Some Mongolian and Tibetan cultures are famous for practicing sky burial, placing the body of the deceased on a high, unprotected place to be consumed by wildlife and the elements. This is part of the Vajrayana Buddhist belief of transmigration of spirits, which teaches that respecting the body after death is needless as it is just an empty vessel.

Essay about Reality and Individual Interpretations

â€Å"There are no facts, only interpretations.† These words from Frederick Nietzsche poignantly illustrate the notion that one’s reality is inevitably shaped by the influence of other’s around us. The set of values according to which one judges everyday events upon is the result of the reality formed based on other’s interpretations of the world. When one lacks the knowledge to develop a sound reality, one relies upon the reality of others to come to a sensible interpretation. However, though one may be adamant that the reality that one experiences is real, others’ continual influence upon them may eventually persuade them and thus conform to the newfound reality. Nevertheless, it is still dependant on the individual on the way they deal with†¦show more content†¦Even when an individual has a strong consolidated reality of their world, it is still susceptible to other’s influence and may eventually conform to this alter reality that is so strongly condoned by people surrounding them. Though one’s reality, formed by experiences of childhood and memory, may be strong and seemingly concrete, the persistent encouragement from others that the particular reality is false may yet have an immense impact on one’s reality. In Ron Howard’s adaptation of the biography of Professor John Nash, A Beautiful Mind, the notion that one’s consolidated reality can succumb to other’s influence is profoundly illustrated. Professor John Nash suffers from schizophrenia, and hence has illusions of people that do not exist. Though he had been strongly convinced that these people do not exist, he still sees them. However, he acknowledges them to be non-existent and a figment of his imagination. This poignantly expounds the strength of impact that other’s influence has on one’s interpretation of reality and indeed strongly disproves the idea that â€Å"Seeing is Believing†. Though Pr ofessor Nash’s illusions are caused by a mental disorder, it nonetheless shows the effect that the desire to ‘fit in’ to society orShow MoreRelatedCulture : The Minds Eye : What The Blind See1691 Words   |  7 Pagesit is a mistake to think that individuals are bound to behave in a way that culture told them to behave. Instead, individuals are free to create his or her own unique experience of interpreting the world. We might consider the â€Å"reality† that we live in to be fiction to the extent that we are willing to use different faculties and analyze what we are witnessing; this gives us the power, as individuals, to think and search for each of us’s unique interpretation of reality. . John Hull, a religiousRead MoreThe Mind: Biological and Mental Functions923 Words   |  4 Pagesinformation that is processed through these biological and mental functions. It constructs an interpretation of the sensory input that is received by both functions. 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It minimizes defensiveness through face saving and requir es both nonverbal and verbal elements to match. The benefits of perception checking is to help us have a better understanding of a message, so both persons can mutually relate and to reduce conflict so we don t jump to conclusions. In the perception process reality is constructed in two ways. The first order realities is physically observable qualities of a thing orRead MoreMemory in Nietzsches Beyond Good and Evil1479 Words   |  6 PagesGood Evil, Friedrich Nietzsche seeks to develop the idea of moral philosophy beyond basic pleasures, how they relate to the general population, and further into our own personal intricacies and how they create a set of rules that apply to most individuals. Throughout the book, Nietzsche articulate well over 200 epigrams, each of which highlights a different aspect of human morality. 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Frameworks and Models Detection of the Human Behavior

Question: Describe about the Frameworks and Models Related to the Detection of the Human Behavior. Answer: Introduction The analysis of the human behavior and activities has been regarded as one of the most intriguing and important issue related to the automated video surveillance system (Mubashir, Shao and Seed 2013). The human activities and behavior can be detected by utilizing the techniques related to the pattern recognition and computer vision. The paper deals in planning a research project for the topic related to the Human Behavior Analysis and understanding of unusual behavior by utilizing the computer vision. The paper would be helping in identifying the frameworks and models related to the recognition approaches that could help in analyzing the behavior of humans. The paper would also be helping the readers in learning and recognizing the human behavior based on the video information. Project justification The project deals in preparing a research project based on the research topic related to the Human Behavior Analysis and understating of unusual behavior by utilizing the computer vision. The research requires the investigation of various fields relating to the implementation of the high-level abstraction behavior models to the motion detection system. Moreover, the major applications of the computer vision include the video surveillance and Ambient Assisted Learning (AAL) (Chaaraoui, Climent-Prez and Flrez-Revuelta 2012). The techniques require the estimation of the movement of humans at the motion level. The techniques also require the implementation of the appropriate data sets and tools for analyzing the behavior of humans. In addition, the presentation of the motion requires the activity recognition approaches such that to analyses the behavior of hams. Thus, it becomes very important to identify the frameworks and models that could be helping in learning and recognizing the hum an behavior based on the video information. Project aims and objectives The main objective of the paper is to plan a research project related to the topic based on the Human Behavior Analysis and understating of unusual behavior through the use of video surveillance. The computer vision would be helping in recognizing the visual patterns of the motion of humans. The research project aims at identifying the framework and models that could be helping in evaluating the behavior of humans from the multimodal observation in the form of video. The project also helps in proposing and evaluating an approach for recognition and learning human behavior models from the multimodal observation based on the audio and video information. Research Questions What framework proposes the evaluation of the human behavior from the multimodal observation in the form of video? How do the 3D video tracking models help in understanding the motion of the humans? How do the patterns exhibit variation in the motion visually? Millstones and tasks Sl No Task 1 Project plan for research project on frameworks and models for detection on human behavior 1.1 Selection of research topic 1.1.1 Finding the research topic relevant to the research plan 1.1.2 Reviewing on the topic being selected 1.2 Literature review 1.2.1 Reviewing the different views on the literature 1.2.2 Summarizing on the reviews 1.3 Implementation of the research 1.3.1 Identification of the appropriate methodology applicable to the topic 1.3.2 Formulation of research questionnaire related to the topic 1.4 Data collection 1.4.1 Identification of the primary and secondary sources 1.4.2 Implementing appropriate data collection method 1.4.3 Acquiring the data through the use of various data collection tools 1.5 Data analysis 1.5.1 Identification of the appropriate tools and techniques of the data analysis 1.5.2 Summarizing on the findings of the data being acquired 2 Final report submission Milestones Literature review due Data collection and analysis report due Final business report due Table 1: Milestones and tasks related to the project plan Source: Created by author Experimental approach The research approach can be classified into two main segments including the qualitative research approach and the qualitative research approach (Smith 2015). The qualitative research approach deals in describing, explaining, exploring and interpreting the various theories and models related to the case study for the other researchers to follow. The approach requires the formulation of new theories ad models related to the research topic. On the other hand, the quantitative research approach deals in validating, confirming and testing the theories related to the research topic already proposed by the various researchers. This approach is also known as deductive reason approach and would be suitable for this particular research study. Data collection The data collection process involves the collection of valuable information that should be relevant and useful for the research study. The process requires the identification of the sources of information which could be either primary sources of data or, secondary sources of data (O'Leary 2013). Though, the implementation of the primary sources of data would be more predictive for the research in terms of acquiring quality data, the seminary sources are less time consuming. The primary sources include the employees working in the computer technology based organization. The secondary data include the sources from the various articles, magazines, newspapers, websites, books, journals and others that contain useful information related to the research topic. The research project should be utilizing both the primary and secondary sources of data in order to acquire quality information related to the research study. Measurement The data collection process should be followed by the data analysis process which deals in implementing the data analysis tools and techniques in order to analyze the data being collected in the process. The data analysis tool includes the tables, graphs, figures, charts and analytical software including Word and SPSS as well. These tools are helpful in analyzing the data being acquired in the process such that to reach to a final conclusion. Timeline Sl No Task Duration Start Date Finish Date Predecessor 1 Project plan for research project on frameworks and models for detection on human behavior 60 days Thu 8/25/16 Wed 11/16/16 1.1 Selection of research topic 10 days Thu 8/25/16 Wed 9/7/16 1.1.1 Finding the research topic relevant to the research plan 1 wk Thu 8/25/16 Wed 8/31/16 1.1.2 Reviewing on the topic being selected 5 days Thu 9/1/16 Wed 9/7/16 3 1.2 Literature review 15 days Thu 9/8/16 Wed 9/28/16 4 1.2.1 Reviewing the different views on the literature 2 wks Thu 9/8/16 Wed 9/21/16 4 1.2.2 Summarizing on the reviews 1 wk Thu 9/22/16 Wed 9/28/16 6 1.3 Implementation of the research 10 days Thu 9/29/16 Wed 10/12/16 7 1.3.1 Identification of the appropriate methodology applicable to the topic 1 wk Thu 9/29/16 Wed 10/5/16 7 1.3.2 Formulation of research questionnaire related to the topic 1 wk Thu 10/6/16 Wed 10/12/16 9 1.4 Data collection 15 days Thu 10/13/16 Wed 11/2/16 10 1.4.1 Identification of the primary and secondary sources 1 wk Thu 10/13/16 Wed 10/19/16 10 1.4.2 Implementing appropriate data collection method 1 wk Thu 10/20/16 Wed 10/26/16 12 1.4.3 Acquiring the data through the use of various data collection tools 5 days Thu 10/27/16 Wed 11/2/16 13 1.5 Data analysis 10 days Thu 11/3/16 Wed 11/16/16 14 1.5.1 Identification of the appropriate tools and techniques of the data analysis 1 wk Thu 11/3/16 Wed 11/9/16 14 1.5.2 Summarizing on the findings of the data being acquired 5 days Thu 11/10/16 Wed 11/16/16 16 2 Final report submission 5 days Thu 11/17/16 Wed 11/23/16 17 Table 2: Timeline for the project plan Source: Created by author Budget Budget Items Category USD Resources Expenses for conducting interviews $ 20,000.00 Project administration $ 5,000.00 Data collection $ 6,000.00 Data analysis for the project duration of 60 days $ 10,000.00 Enhancement of accessibility of reliable data sources $ 4,000.00 Total Tangible Benefits $ 45,000.00 Total Expenses on Resources Category USD Direct Expenses Conduction of interviews $ 8,000.00 Translation of language Total On-Time Costs $ 8,000.00 Total Expenses on Resources Category USD Travel Expenses Domestic travel $ 2,000.00 Lodging $ 800.00 Food and meals $ 500.00 Total Tangible Recurring Costs $ 3,300.00 Total Tangible Costs $ 56,300.00 Table 3: Budget for the research project Source: Created by author Summary The paper deals in planning a research project for the topic related to the Human Behavior Analyses and understanding of unusual behavior by utilizing the computer vision. The project includes the illustration of various aspects of the project management plan inducing the description of the milestones and task to be implemented in order to conduct the project in a successful manner. The project also includes the estimation of the project timeline such that to conduct the research within the scheduled deadline. The paper also includes the description of the appropriate research approach such that to lead the research project in the right way. The project also helps in formulating the research questionnaire which would be helping the researcher to conduct the research study in a successful manner. The research project aims at identifying the framework and models that could be helping in evaluating the behavior of humans from the multimodal observation in the form of video. The project also helps in proposing and evaluating an approach for recognition and learning human behavior models from the multimodal observation based on the audio and video information. Refereneces Chaaraoui, A.A., Climent-Prez, P. and Flrez-Revuelta, F., 2012. A review on vision techniques applied to human behaviour analysis for ambient-assisted living.Expert Systems with Applications,39(12), pp.10873-10888. Mubashir, M., Shao, L. and Seed, L., 2013. A survey on fall detection: Principles and approaches.Neurocomputing,100, pp.144-152. O'Leary, Z., 2013. The essential guide to doing your research project. Sage. Smith, J.A. ed., 2015. Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage.

Human Resource Planning and Employee Relations

Question: Discuss about human resources planning and employee relations? Answer: 1. Importance: Accurate record keeping is an essential requisite for the success of any business organization. Record keeping is a potent tool of management. Thus, giving due importance to record keeping is essential. Many entrepreneurs invest lots of capital in their business but fail to realize the importance of records keeping. Profit maximization is the main aim of a business organization (www.smallbusiness.qld.gov.au, 2015). They aspire for maximum returns to receive from their investments, and to preserve records is very much part of the equation. Consequences due to lack of record keeping: Without records, business operations cannot be assessed. Without records the performance of employees cannot be determined. Records are pre-requisite for preparing financial statements like assets liabilities, profit loss, income statement, expenses, projection of cash flow which in turn induces good relation with banks. Lack of data can induce overpayment of taxes as well as underpayment of taxes. Rationale for record keeping: Maintaining employee records is necessary for the following: Maintaining records helps in enabling to control cash inflow and cash outflow in a business. Maintaining records helps in knowing how much is spent and owed for goods and services. Maintaining records helps in knowing which products are helping in earning profits and which induces loss. Maintaining records helps in knowing how much cash is in hand. Maintaining records helps in knowing how much cash is tied up as stocks. Maintaining records helps in knowing the actual expenses. Maintaining records helps in knowing the overheads. Maintaining records can help entrepreneurs or business house to access the financial status of their business at any point of time. Maintaining records can help in comparing financial status with the previous years. Maintaining records assists the entrepreneur or business organizations in preparing their financial statements in a quick manner with accuracy. Maintaining records can measure the performance of business in accordance to what was being projected in the plan of business. Maintaining records can help in providing information about management in basing decisions about the business. Maintaining records helps in saving effort and time. Maintaining records helps in accessing how much tax is required to be paid by a business organization or an entrepreneur. Maintaining records provides information and details which is valuable for sales in future of the business organization or the entrepreneur. Maintaining records can help in quickly accessing the problem areas and offers remedies for the problems. Maintaining records help banks to gather information about a business organization or an entrepreneur. Maintaining records helps in keeping track of costs incurred for the employees of a business organization or employees of the entrepreneur. Maintaining records helps in accessing the performances of the employees. Maintaining records helps to detect thefts in the organization. Maintaining records helps to know the gross and net profit of a business. Maintaining records helps in increasing the chances of operations in business. 2. Formal documents are those which are mostly used for business purpose or office purpose. Formal words and formal language is used in this kind of document. Example is business e-mail. E-mail is used for day to day job activities of an employer. It is a proof from where data can be extracted about an employees attendance, transaction, leaves applications etc. Informal documentation uses light words and informal languages that are not recorded. Example e-card (congratulatory) sent to colleagues on their promotion. Employers can be protected by documentation in the sense that an employer can decide pay hikes, promotions, and terminations, disciplinary actions based on these documents as because the foundation stone of documentation is legal and government mandated elements. 3. Termination is a process of dismissing or releasing a worker of an organization with his will or without his will. Legal risks are inherent in dismissing or releasing an employee. For this, employers sack employees on behavioral ground after undergoing a counseling and disciplinary process which is progressive. Employees can seek time for correcting their behaviour through process of counseling and prevent themselves from termination. 4. Challenges faced by health care leaders are: Providing equal opportunity to all: Providing equal opportunities to all the healthcare workers is an ethical problem faced by healthcare leaders (Maqsood Khan, 2015). Treatment should be equal for all. Being well known does not imply special treatment will be given to that person. All patients should be treated equally. Employee behavior: Behavior of employees affects both the internal environment and external environment of a business. Behavior leads to retention of patients or attrition of patients. Need for ethics: Ethics is needed for proper functioning of an organization. Ethics are inborn and cannot be taught to the employees 5. An effective succession plan is required for the development of an organization. Identifying needs and objectives. Gathering information. Preparing Analysis. Developing an action plan. Implementing the plans. Monitoring the progress. 6. Unionization is required for perfect running an organization. Union is a bridge between the management and the employees. Unionization has both advantages and disadvantages from the management as well as the employees point of view. Both management and the employees, working under the same organization is benefited by the presence of the union. Union can do judgment about situations. Union can also help in arbitration when it is deemed compulsory due to unrest in the organization. The advantages are: Employees get job security due to unionization They can ventilate their complaints or grievances about the management through the union. Union fights for healthy working conditions of the healthcare workers. They ensure a safe, congenial and bonhomie working conditions. Employees can benefits like bonuses, health benefits, paid vacations with the help of union. Management can come to conclusion with the help of unions when any dispute arises with the healthcare workers. Unionization help in collective bargaining i.e. equal rights. The disadvantages are: Lockouts, picketing, strikes by employees with the aid of union can affect the days financial status of the company. Management may lose money due to non-production of work. Strikes may be boomerang on part of the organization as it may lose its existing customers or future prospective customers. If the conditions of a business change, the contracts with unions are hindrances for these changes. Unions can at times create dispute between the management of the organization and the employees of the organization. Unions encourage employees to demand for high wages which may not be feasible on part of the management. Human resource control may decrease due to unionization. People in the union are not judged based on their merit or productivity. Seniority and experience may not gain promotion due to union arbitration. 7. Organization changes according to time with technological leap frogging. Human resource management lays emphasis mainly on the human resources. As human capital brings the strategic changes, thus, HR can help as a strategic partner. If any strategic decisions are taken; each units of the business organization shall take a few years to implement it (Saez, 2015). HR helps in deciding the key skills and people required for the change. HR acquires staff according to their skills. Thus, HR knows better what strategy plans is fit for which employees. The role of Hr in strategy implementation is very high. It may be noted that, the strategic implementation planning activities are related to learning and growth of the employees of the organization. References Maqsood Khan, D. (2015).HR as a Strategic Partner: A Critical Review.Macrothink.org. Retrieved 8 June 2015, from https://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/ijhrs/article/viewFile/5129/4125 Saez, A. (2015).Advantages Disadvantage of Labor Unions.Business Entrepreneurship - azcentral.com. Retrieved 8 June 2015, from https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/advantages-disadvantage-labor-unions-3553.html www.smallbusiness.qld.gov.au,. (2015).The importance of record keeping. Retrieved 8 June 2015, from https://www.ajml.com.au/downloads/resource-centre/references/operational-management/The%20importance%20of%20record%20keeping.pdf